Gynecomastia is a condition characterized by the enlargement of breast tissue in males, caused by an imbalance between the hormones estrogen and testosterone. This condition can affect one or both breasts and may occur at any age, including in newborns, adolescents, and older men. Although it is not usually a serious health issue, gynecomastia can lead to emotional discomfort, embarrassment, and a negative impact on self-esteem.
The causes of gynecomastia vary. In many cases, it is linked to natural hormonal changes during puberty or aging. It can also result from certain medications, such as anabolic steroids, anti-androgens, or antidepressants, as well as from substance use like alcohol, marijuana, or anabolic steroids. Underlying medical conditions, including liver or kidney disease, tumors, and thyroid disorders, can also contribute to the development of this condition. In some instances, the exact cause may remain unknown.
Diagnosis usually involves a physical examination, medical history review, and occasionally blood tests or imaging to rule out other conditions such as breast cancer or fat accumulation (pseudogynecomastia), which is different from true gynecomastia as it is caused by excess fat rather than glandular tissue.
In many adolescents, gynecomastia resolves naturally without treatment within a few months to a couple of years. However, when the condition persists, causes pain, or results in significant emotional stress, medical treatment may be necessary. Surgical options, such as liposuction or excision of glandular tissue, are commonly used for long-lasting results and physical improvement. Recovery from surgery is typically quick, with patients able to return to normal routines within a few days, though heavy physical activity should be avoided for a few weeks.
Common causes include:
Yes, especially in adolescents. Pubertal gynecomastia often resolves within 6 months to 2 years without treatment.
Usually not. It’s typically benign, but it can affect self-esteem and cause psychological distress. Rarely, it may signal an underlying health condition.
Treatment depends on the cause:.